Reasons to Support Same-Sex Marriage

Citizenship by Birthright Essay - 941 Words

Citizenship by Birthright According to the Council on Foreign Relations, birthright citizenship â€Å"grants citizenship to everyone born in the United States regardless of their parents status† (Rawlins, 2011). While this seems to be in-line with the fourteenth amendment which states â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside† (Congress, 1866), the true intention of this part of the constitution is hotly debated, particularly in light of the current economic downfall in the United States. With that said it may behoove constituents to look into the real costs versus benefits of birthright citizenship and what effect†¦show more content†¦To spearhead the resulting economic impact of supporting the non-taxpaying immigrants, Mr. Graham supports a new initiative to first grant legal citizenship to millions of people already residing in the United States illegall y and then modify the amendment to reduce illegal immigration overall. The Birthright Citizenship Act of 2011 (H.R.140), was introduced to congress on January 4th, 2011 by United States Representative Steve King of Iowa. In short, this bill strives to put an end to birthright citizenship for those born to undocumented immigrants, alleviating the related economic burden. However, the bill would still allow children born to at least one United States Citizen, legal resident, or member of the military to be declared citizenship, protecting children of those parents who have followed the law appropriately. American residents seem to be showing support for this bill, as documented in a telephone poll conducted by Rasmussen Reports (Waddington, 2011). The results of the survey showed that only 28% of Americans believe birthright citizenship should be automatic for those born to illegal immigrants. Mr. King viewed this response as an overarching desire from the American public to secure borders and to start utilizing the fourteenth amendment in a differen t manner. So, what is the real cost of birthright citizenship? According to John Freere, Legal Policy Analyst at the Center forShow MoreRelatedBirthright of Citizenship702 Words   |  3 PagesThe Birthright Citizenship Amendment is one that has caused controversy. Should   a person that is   born in the US, regardless of whether the parents were here temporarily, or illegally be considered an American citizen? The 14th Amendment states â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the States wherein they reside†, ( Spalding, 2010). The interpretation of this amendment has caused the controversy. Read MoreBirthright Citizenship Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesthey really are. They are Sikes. No matter how hard they try to be Nikes, they will always be Sikes. You can cover the `S with an `N but can you ever really replace the `S? No, you can not, so why should an illegal immigrant gain American citizenship rights just because they were born in America? In 1868, the United States of Americas Congress adopted the 14th Amendment to the Constitution stating that, All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdictionRead MoreArgument Against Birthright Citizenship : Chain Migration1485 Words   |  6 Pages Arguments Against Birthright Citizenship: Chain Migration One major point policymakers argue against birthright citizenship is the fact that it incentivizes illegal immigration and can lead to a never ending series of chain migration. Chain migration occurs when the child can sponsor their parents and apply for their legal citizenship in the United States. Once the child turns 18, they can sponsor a foreign spouse and unmarried children of his own. When they turn 21, they can sponsor their parentsRead MoreThe Issue Of Birthright Citizenship922 Words   |  4 PagesThe question of birthright citizenship, can be one of America’s hotly debated topic; that is next to illegal immigration which it is married. â€Å"Birthright Citizenship†, addresses the children born outside the country of their parent’s legal residence, and this is not just an American issue. While this previous statement, does not specify state illegal immigration, which appears to be some of the debate of this issue, during political season this does become a talking point in political circles. TheRead MoreEssay on Immigration and Birthright Citizenship1003 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration and Birthright Citizenship Many people feel the issue on immigration and birthright citizenship may have become a touchy subject. Some people argue that the undocumented citizens or illegal immigrants steal jobs away from rightful US citizens. Also people say that the undocumented citizens want to have a baby in the United States of America with the assumption they will grant US citizenship to them as a family. In certain states the police were allowed to stop anyone that theyRead MoreIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship4368 Words   |  18 PagesIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship The United States Constitution is the supreme law of our great country. Found in our Constitution, is the fourteenth amendment. But, did the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment want or not want to grant citizenship to every person who happened to be born on U.S. soil? And does subject to the jurisdiction mean something different from born in the United States,? First, let’s see exactly what the fourteenth amendment states: â€Å"All persons born or naturalizedRead MoreRethinking Birthright Citizenship Is Not A Matter Of Blood Or Birth1885 Words   |  8 PagesRethinking Birthright Citizenship in the Unites States In his address to the country on immigration, President Obama said that â€Å"being an American is not a matter of blood or birth.† (2015, Klukowski), Would you agree? When you think of America and its constitutional rights afforded to all, it’s very likely that birthright citizenship (under the 14th amendment) is one of the rights that comes to mind- â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, areRead MoreThe Debate Over Controversy : Turning Heads, White, And Blue Soil Of America897 Words   |  4 Pageswhether or not to enhance the Citizenship Clause. Based on the 14th amendment, anyone, no matter what race, born on the proud red, white, and blue soil of America has the right to become a citizen of the United States, similar to the â€Å"Birthright Citizenship Rule†. The Citizenship Clause curtails the Birthright Citizenship in certain cases. For example, the offspring of diplomats, attacking soldiers, and specific Native American tribe don’t have the right to Birthright Citizenship Rule. However, how do weRead MoreEssay about I Am An American1673 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment officials have claimed that the issue of birthright citizenship is the core of the dispute over immigration. To try and remedy this situation, holders of public office have held hearings and debates in an attempt to â€Å"redefine† what it means to be an American citizen. Birthright citizenship is the term used to refer to the citizenship that is granted to an individual who is born on the associated territory. Providing an individual with citizenship of any state or country means that one now hasRead MorePersuasive Essay On Birth Tourism1182 Words   |  5 Pagesto gain citizenship. This is becoming an increasing problem in the United States. The 14th amendment allows for American born babies to gain citizenship in the country. Many immigrants are taking advantage of this amendment to gain citizenship for their child and then flee. Despite the benefits that the 14th amendment presents, I believe that it should be altered to reflect its true meaning and awarding citizenship to people who greatly deserve it The 14th amendment guarantees citizenship to every

Communication Cocacola Company

Question: Discuss about the Communicationfor Cocacola Company. Answer: Introduction When it comes to achieving the goals of any business communication is important. With easy flow of information among the staff the set vision can be achieved with ease. Augment human capabilities are well facilitated through contemporary communication (Barry and Fulmer, p. 273). Just like any other business running a fizzy drink business requires one to embrace contemporary issues related to communication among staff and clients. When one has effective communication skills then their businesses are made to flourish in many ways. It ensures close ties with important stakeholders in the business like suppliers, retailers and consumers. It also provides room for opportunities which influence trends, perceptions and conversations. Effective communication ensures proper decision making and faster problem solving based on reliable information (Wood, p. 22). Use of social media to promote businesses has been embraced by many companies due to the ability to attract a great number of consumer s. Its the way to go for any person venturing into business in this 21st century. How Business Communication has Changed over the Last 20 years The business world has undergone great changes over the last 20 years. Some aspects of doing business have become radically different in todays world although some business practices have remained the same. For example, the way Coca-Cola Company markets its brands to its customers has just taken a new and different life of its own. This shift has resulted from changes in technology and the manner in which money is transacted in business. Changes in doing business have occurred in the following key areas with respect to Coca-Cola Company (Levitt, p. 94). Use of internet; in the last 20 years the widespread use of internet by the public was still in very early stages. In those years corporations were quickly vying to control the online market place. People were still trying to get over the idea behind creation of websites, using emails as well as learning of new ideas (Xiang and Gretzel, p. 179). In the early stages we had companies like face book, Amazon and Google emerging as the main central hubs of the modern commerce in the digital era. From then, social networking and bookmarking search engine optimization and many forms of digital traffic generation have grown tremendously. They have since existed as avenues of increasing volumes of internet based sales. Some affiliate programs such as email lists containing auto responders as well as blogosphere have equally emerged as appropriate ways of reaching out to masses. There have been an increasing number of online business transactions where the internet has realized billions in pro fits. Most business currently operate using company websites unlike the traditional ways of print advertisements (Bruhn, Schoenmueller and Schafer, p. 782). Use of POS System in Retail Businesses In the past 20 years most people had little or no experience with touch screen product access and making payments via mobile systems in the retail businesses. With time there has been the rise of modern Point of Sale (POS) systems which has come with a major optimization of sales volumes by the retailers. POS has made the running of retail businesses more cost effective and efficient by allowing customers to have direct access to onsite products as well as numerous payment options. Tracking and ordering invention has been revolutionized by the automation system which allows for the control of inventory measures. Mobile payment systems have also revolutionized business in the modern world (Munshi and McKie, p. 12). Crypto currencies; the most successful attempts in the revival of using crypto currency since its collapse in 1998, is the reinvention of payments via PayPal systems. The rise of Bit coin from 2008 has increased the online exchange of crypto currencies and these are viable forms of using currency to engage in business transactions in the current world. They are the safest unofficial mediums of money exchange in the less publicized private online markets (Xiang and Gretzel, p. 88). The app revolution; the first Smartphone series were realized in 1996 which was Nokia 9000 communicator. Currently the app driven commerce and Smartphone technology is at the heart of modern business. Some apps display company products while others provide payment methods for goods and services. Shoppers can also be able to do online comparison of products before settling on one. These changes have made consumers to be more savvy shoppers unlike 20 years ago. Challenges that businesses in the 21st century are facing with communication /negative effect of social media on business Marketing shift; this has become a burden since most businesses want to entirely rely on social media to reach their clientele but there is need for personal engagement with customers for one to realize success business success (Mulhern, p. 98). Increased customer power; before inception of social media the negative customer-company experiences could remain within an individual circle of friends but with the onset of social media communication a bad experience by a customer with any company can go viral within the shortest period of time possible on social media risking business losses. Tracking of negative or misleading statements; with social media communication its not easy to track negative statements about their brands (Vignali, p. 99). Accidental release of confidential information; this can be inadvertently done by individuals with inside knowledge of the company which may damage the companys competitive advantage. Before social media a letter that was sent to the wrong recipient could be retrieved and kept under wraps. Habits of unauthorized employees speaking on behalf of the company; this is because its very difficult for employers to monitor its employees social media activities and stop them from speaking on matters concerning the company without any authority (Snowden and Boone, p. 67). How changes in business communication have impacted the way that business is being done now People watch what they say; with changes in business communication business owners have to adapt to different races, cultures and even ones physical appearance. This is because their comments may not only be irrelevant but also plain and ignorant. To get the job done is the most important thing (Hanna, Rohm and Crittenden p. 266). Changes in communication skills; business owners should be prepared to write long mails, make updates on LinkedIn, make tweets, post on face book etc and this is because we are operating in a multimedia world and the message has to be communicated to customers wherever they are. One has to be on cal close to 24/7 and be mobile; out of office thing does not exist any more. One is expected to respond to mails, texts and even calls within minutes of receipt to keep up with the competitive world (Kim and Ko, p. 1482). Increased travel; even with social media communications customers still expect to meet the business owners one on one. This has even become more demanding than in the past with flights this has become easier, safer and cheaper ad in return increased customer base as one is able to meet many customers within short time intervals. Most business owners have become virtual and work from their homes unlike previously where one had to be in an office to have the business running. They have phone systems hosted and applications managed by someone else. Staff uses online collaboration tools to share files and a lot of information (Castronovo and Huang, p. 1). Getting work from different places; unlike 20 years ago when businesses were managed by telemarketers today business owners are getting leads online. Services such as Foursquare are being used by retailers and restaurants to attract new customers. All this is thanks to remote technologies. Less paper works and yet more people; checks are still being cut but not so many, paper invoices are no longer used by many businesses. People are archiving their documents online on platforms such as drop box and currently some businesses are moving to mobile e-signature system (Khang, Ki, and Ye, p. 279). Relying on people from far-flung places; wit the internet one can get help from any qualified people regardless of distance. Access to more data; with computer a lot of data can be stored for future use unlike the old ways of keeping records in files manually. One could have years of customer interaction and gigabytes of scanned documents all stored in one computer and easy to be accessed (Goman, p. 23). Two examples of how this business (Coca-Cola Company) is utilizing these new ways of communicating Coca-Cola as a company has remained among the top when it comes to business ranking and this success is partly attributed to how it has embraced use of current business communication to reach its worldwide customers. Such engagements include; Use of internet; various forms of Coca-Cola adverts have been placed on the internet. For example the brand online advertisement is often undertaken using use of pop-up ads, banners, onsite sponsorship and other online advertisement forms present in thousands of websites along the globe. Some forums and websites have been specifically dedicated to Coca-Cola funs globally and here users share their stories on Coca-Cola refreshment (Cocacola marketing) Advertisement through radio and television; the company spends a considerable amount of finances specifically for this purpose. The TV ads regarding Coca-Cola vary among countries and they are often prepared taking into account the different characteristics of the local culture so as to avoid misunderstandings that arise due to cultural differences this has maximized the positive impact of TV advertisements. Advertisement through the radio lasts for a few minutes but its considered to increase customer loyalty and level of brand awareness Conclusion There has been a huge influence of social media on business operations and marketing in modern world. It also has an impact on how the businesses engage with their target market. This growth is at an astounding rate and therefore its wise for any business looking to survive in this competitive world to work on developing and implementing a sustainable social media strategy so as to take full advantage of the rapidly changing business environment. However social media comes with its own negative impacts on any business such as loss of business data in case there was no backup as well as exposure of confidential information to the public unawares or by malicious employees. Therefore, business owners should embrace these changes with a lot of keenness and be on the lookout for any negative impacts. References Barry, B., Fulmer, I. S. (2004). The medium and the message: The adaptive use of communication media in dyadic influence. Academy of Management Review,29, 272- 292. Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V., Schfer, D. B. (2012). Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation?. Management Research Review, 35(9), 770-790. https://www. emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17044170 Castronovo, C., Huang, L. (2012). Social Media in an Alternative Marketing Communication Model. Journal of Marketing Development Competitiveness, 6(1). https://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/76482061/social-media-alternative-marketing-communication-model Cocacola Marketing. Retrieved from on April 16, 2017 from https://research-methodology.net/coca-cola-marketing-communications-a-critical-analysis/ Goman, C.K. (2002). Cross-Cultural Business Practices, Communication World 22-25. Hanna, R., Rohm, A., Crittenden, V. L. (2011). Were all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem. Business Horizons, 54(3), 265-273. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681311000243 Khang, H., Ki, E. J., Ye, L. (2012). Social media research in advertising, communication, marketing, and public relations, 19972010. Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(2), 279-298. https://jmq.sagepub.com/content/89/2/279. Kim, A. J., Ko, E. (2012). Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), 1480-1486. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296311003584. Levitt, T. (1983). The Globalization of Markets. Harvard Business Review, MayJune, 92102 Mapping bias, business and diversity. BusinessCommunication Quarterly, 64(3), 9-22. Mulhern, F. (2009). Integrated marketing communications: From media channels to digital connectivity. Journal of marketing communications, 15(2-3), 85-101. https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/pubDetail.asp?t=pmid=70449707615n=Francis+J+Mulhernu_id=1682. Munshi, D., McKie D. (2001). Toward a new cartography of intercultural communication: Snowden D.J., Boone M.E. 2007. A leader's framework for decision making. Harvard Business Review 85(11), 68-76. Vignali, C. (2001.) McDonalds: Think Global, Act Local the Marketing Mix, British Food Wood, J. (1997). Communication in our lives (p. 22). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Xiang, Z., Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism management, 31(2), 179-188. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223710865_Role_of_social_media_in_online_travel_information_search

European Renaissance Reformation Essay Paper Example For Students

European Renaissance Reformation Essay Paper Chapter 1 European Renaissance Reformation Unit 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Revolution the Italian Renaissance was a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art literature. Renaissance art literature still influence modern thought modern art. Renaissance period of European history, 1300-1600, rebirth, a renewed interest in classical culture lead to changes in art, learning, views of the world. Humanism Renaissance intellectual movement that focused on studying classical texts, human potential achievements. Secular Renaissance society was worldly rather than spiritual concerned with the ere now. Patron a person who supports artists, especially financially. Perspective an artistic technique that creates the appearance of 3 dimensions on a flat surface. Vernacular native language; the everyday language of people in a region or country. Italys Advantages City-States Merchants the Medici Looking to Greece Rome Classical Worldly Values Classics lead to humanism Worldly pleasures Patrons of the arts The Renaissance man The Renaissance woman The Renaissance Revolutionizes art Realistic painting sculpture Leonardo, Renaissance Man Raphael advances realism Anguish Gentiles Renaissance writers change literature Patriarch Vacation Machiavelli advises rulers Aviators Colonial Unit 2 The Northern Renaissance Cultural interaction in the sass, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance began to spread to Northern Europe Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought. Utopia an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book Utopia, an ideal place William Shakespeare most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age; born in 1562; liked the classics drew on them for inspiration plots. Johann Gutenberg a craftsman from Mains, Germany, developed a printing press sing a number of technologies to make it possible to produce books quickly cheaply; printed a complete Bible in 1455. Artistic ideas spread German painters Flemish painters Northern Writers try to reform society Christian humanists Womens reforms The Legacy of the Renaissance Changes in the arts Changes in society Unit 3 Luther leads the Reformation Revolution Martin Lathers protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches. Nearly 1/5 of the Christians in todays world Causes of the Reformation Criticisms of the Catholic Church Early calls for reform Luther challenges the church The 95 theses re Protestants. Indulgence a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin. Reformation 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the popes authority. Lathers teachings The response to Luther The Popes threat The Emperors opposition Lutheran member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther. The Peasants Revolt Germany at War Protestant member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation. Peace of Suburbs a 1 555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. England becomes Protestant Henry VIII wants a son Annul to cancel or set aside. The Reformation Parliament Consequences of Henrys Changes Elizabeth restores Protestantism Anglican relating to the Church of England. Elizabeth faces other challenges Unit 4 The Reformation Continues Religious ethical systems as Protestant reformers divided over beliefs, the Catholic Church made reforms. Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are he result of reforms in the Church. Predestination Calvinist Theocracy Presbyterian Anabaptist Catholic Reformation Jesuits Council of Treats

What it Means to Be American Essay Example

What it Means to Be American Essay In order to decipher what it means to be an American you have to look at the past and what has brought this freedom upon us. George Washington once said â€Å"The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitution of government.† Up until 1776 when the War ended, none of this was possible. Great Britain was making the laws and making decisions about what the people of the thirteen colonies could or couldn’t do. The first amendment of the Constitution prohibits Congress from taking away one’s right of speech, press, petition, as well as religion, which is a valuable part of being an American. Having this freedom available to us could very well have saved other countries many wars if they would have let the citizens choose their own religion and not discriminate against it. Wars like the Crusades between the Christians and the Muslims, which started in 1095 and led to 1096, also continued from 1097- 1127, was fought over the control of the land of Jerusalem. Over half a million people died. Another example would be the Lebanese Civil war, in which both the Sunnis and the Shiites, two religious communities fought for government control. Nearly 150,000 people were killed during 1975-1990. We will write a custom essay sample on What it Means to Be American specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What it Means to Be American specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What it Means to Be American specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On December 1, 1955, a women from Alabama demonstrated her rights of petition by refusing to give up her seat to a white man after a long day’s work. We recognize this woman by the name of Rosa Parks. She was just one American who demonstrated her rights. Another example of demonstrating the freedom we now possess that allows us to truly call ourselves Americans was Martin Luther King Jr. He showed the rights of free speech. In the book The Epic of America written by James Truslow Adams in 1931 stated that The American Dream was one many immigrants have of a land in which life should be better for each person based on their ability and their achievements. One of the amazing facts of being an American i

Free Essays on T.V. Violence

What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence rears its ugly head. We see it in the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many peoples' living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It is the television, and the children who view it are often pulled into its realistic world of violence scenes with sometimes devastating results. Much research has gone into showing why children are so mesmerized by this big glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Research shows that it is definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. The research proves time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Some are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Still others don't even seem to care. However, the facts are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life-long. The information can't be ignored. Violent television viewing does affect children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, a 16-year-old boy broke into a cellar. When the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so to not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the night before. In California, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner. When asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the results would be the same in real life as they were on television. Thes... Free Essays on T.V. Violence Free Essays on T.V. Violence What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence rears its ugly head. We see it in the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many peoples' living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It is the television, and the children who view it are often pulled into its realistic world of violence scenes with sometimes devastating results. Much research has gone into showing why children are so mesmerized by this big glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Research shows that it is definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. The research proves time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Some are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Still others don't even seem to care. However, the facts are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life-long. The information can't be ignored. Violent television viewing does affect children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, a 16-year-old boy broke into a cellar. When the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so to not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the night before. In California, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner. When asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the results would be the same in real life as they were on television. Thes...

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck Essay

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting - Essay Example It has generally been observed that the pragmatic value of precedent gains prominence, whereas its justice seeking aspect tends to be overlooked. As such, precedent is the intersection between law and justice.2 In England and Australia, the highest courts tend to regard the decisions of their lower but superior courts as being highly persuasive. For instance, the highest court of Australia, namely the High Court of Australia accords considerable importance to the rulings made by the Supreme Courts of the various states. Precedent in its narrow sense, or the doctrine of stare decisis, denotes that the courts of appeal, in the normal course, consider themselves bound by their own rulings. 3 An important illustration of this is provided by the stance of the House of Lords till the year 1966. Prior to that year, their Lordships had considered their previous decisions to be sacrosanct, and had stated that they would not overrule them. This has changed, and the highest courts of Australia and the UK have now adopted the view that they would decide contrary to their previous rulings, provided there was a very strong reason for such departure. 4 Despite the promotion of certainty and consistency by the doctrine of precedent, it does suffer from some drawbacks. ... Even if the statements made in previous cases are clear, there could be confusion as to whether that statement had been a component of the ratio decidendi of that case.5 This makes it difficult to decide whether it had been binding or was just obiter dicta. Another major issue is the following. In Australia, appellate cases are usually heard by three judges in the Supreme Courts of the states. The corresponding number of judges is five in the High Court. It has been frequently observed that these judges will generally provide individual judgements. The result is several sets of legal reasons. Moreover, it is common for each judge to express opinions that differ from the other judges hearing the case. Such differences could have a critical impact upon subsequent cases. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to identify what is binding.6 Although it seems that the doctrine of precedent could hinder change and development in the law, this is only partially true. The development and cha nge in law is a continuous process, which is on the whole unspectacular. Precedent is not interpreted in a mechanical manner, and the extant law tends to be subjected to a continuous process of analysis and reinterpretation. Past events are reinterpreted by each generation, and this changes history. Similarly, the extant law undergoes continuous reinterpretation and is comprehended afresh.7 Thus, whenever, a superior court judge examines a disputed legal point and there is a reporting of the decision taken by the judge, a certain amount of change transpires in the totality of the common law. In Davis v Johnson,8 the substantive issues considered related to the degree of discretion bestowed upon county courts by section 1 of the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial

Individuals resident in the UK are liable to UK Income Tax on their Essay

Individuals resident in the UK are liable to UK Income Tax on their worldwide income arising in a tax year - Essay Example An individual who is not residing in UK is subject to income tax in UK or corporation tax in case of a company only on income arising within UK from a source. Likewise, a UK company is subject to corporation tax on capital gains if the gain is accrued from the sale of assets anywhere in the globe and an individual is liable pay capital gain tax on the capital gains earned. An individual is not subject to UK’s capital gains tax if he is not resident in the UK, unless the gain is generated on the sale of the assets of a UK resident’s permanent establishment. As per s 831 of the Income Tax A ct 2007, if a person who has stayed in UK for 183 or more number of days in a tax year will be recognised as a resident for that tax year. As per s 66 (1) of the Finance Act 1998, every corporation registered in UK will be viewed as a resident company in UK. If anyone does not fall in any of the above mentioned categories, then test derives from a chain of decided cases on the subject. HMRC also regards any person as a resident if he has stayed in the UK for more than ninety days on average per annum in four successive years. In decided cases as in IRC v Brown1, however, such simple arithmetical calculation is not followed. (Elizabeth, Martin & Law 2009:475). In UK, liability for income tax arises from the basis of residence. If one resides in UK for a particular period during a tax year, then he is liable to pay income tax for that tax year. There are set of guidelines and there are less cumbersome procedures to be observed for determining residential status. If anyone does not fall in any of the above mentioned residential categories, then test derives from a chain of decided cases on the subject. Since, in case of any dispute as regards to residential status under UK’s Income Tax Act, then one has to approach the court for redressal of his grievances. Employees who are on overseas duty is still ought to pay PAYE if they receive payments from UK employer. A UK

Social Psychology, What it would be like to be an African American Essay

Social Psychology, What it would be like to be an African American Male - Essay Example The African Americans are influenced by the common Americans as well as all those that live near them. The basic point to note here is that they are not being dealt in a fair manner. They are subject to the mercy of their superiors, which should not be the case in the first place. African Americans have left their African lands in search of a better living but what they find in American for so many years now is an attitude and treatment full of bias and malice on the part of the latter. The only manner in which a young African American gets to know more about his own self and his roots is through his ancestors as the country and its media do not project the Blacks in such a fashion as should be the case. His parents and other family members teach him what his upbringing is all about and what asked of them to migrate towards America. The development of this young individual is in the hands of the Americans, the Whites. Now it is up to them how they treat him and what sort of work they want him to do and for whom. Not only this, his character is built in such a way that he always feels under the rule of a White, which is a pure American. This man feels that he is impure and does not belong to the country as the White American does. Others think of the African American male as being an outsider, who has crept into the American lands either through some fraudulent tactics or other similar activities. Nobody is agreeable to his being there no matter what the circumstances are. The stereotypes related with him are that since he does not belong to the place, he will never be loyal with the nation, its values, customs and ethics. He will steal; commit forgery and other heinous acts which are considered derogatory in nature by all concerned. Other stereotype related with him is that since he is Black, he will always be kept at the position that is behind a pure White American. Concepts of attribution theory and confirmation bias

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay Social workers are put into difficult situations on a regular basis. The Health and care professions council (HCPC) set guidelines to aid the challenges social workers face. To remain registered, a social worker needs to abide by the HCPC code of ethics to ensure delivery of the best possible service for users. Working within the guidelines set can be challenging as it may cause conflict with the service users values or potentially the social workers own values. For the purpose of this essay, ethics will be defined as professional obligations and rules of conduct (Meacham, 2007). Social work values will be defined as a range of beliefs about what is regarded as worthy or valuable in a social work context (BASW, 2012 p17). This essay focuses on two areas of the personalisation agenda that can cause challenges for social workers; accommodation and personal budgets. The target service user group for the purposes of this essay is people with disabilities. Using the definition stated in t he Equality Act, (2010) A person is considered disabled if they have a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term negative effect on their ability to do normal daily activities. Legislation and requirements to support adults with disabilities is increasing for the over eleven million people with a limiting long term illness, impairment or disability in Great Britain (office for disability issues, 2012). However, disabled people report mixed feelings and reactions to the legislations and rules put in place regarding their care and allowances (Dalley, 1991). The social philosophical approaches to social work will be used to deal with the challenges and conflicts social workers face. This essay touches upon Kants deontology; Benthams and Mills utilitarianism and Biesteks 7 principles approach. Immanuel Kant (1785) developed the theory of deontology. This means that social workers need to be promoting good actions and the correct motive, however the consequence is not important and the idea of an acceptable motive is subject to judgement (Adapted by Hartsell, 2006; Banks, 2001; Reiman, 2009; Meacham, 2008). Subsequently, Kant introduced the idea of a categorical imperative (CI). A CI maintains a persons motives for their actions and they therefore should be acceptable as a universal law. Â  Thus people should act on motives that can be used by everyone in a moral society and lead to respect for people (Darwell, 2002 cited in Reiman, 2009). From this it is seen that people should be treated as an end, for example a choice or desire, rather than a means (object) to our own ends. He believed that everyone should be treated with respect regardless of their characteristics or behaviour (Banks, 2001). Kant talks about respect for the individual person and promoting self determination. Biestek (1961) produced 7 principles that over time have become highly influential to social workers looking at values and ethics within their practice. 5 main principles have been used: Individualisation; Recognition that each service user has unique qualities, good and bad. Purposeful expression of feeling; Recognition that service users need to express their feelings (especially negative ones) freely. Acceptance; The social worker should be able to work with a service user without passing judgement and accepting Individuals for who they are, including their strengths and their weaknesses. Non judgemental attitude; Social workers should be able to not pass judgement or assign guilt to the service user. It is about judging the service users behaviour User self determination; the social worker should be able to guide the service user, depending on their on their capacity, to have freedom in making their own decisions and choices (Adapted by Banks, 2001). Utilitarianism focuses on a consequentialist approach as it focuses on the consequences of the action, rather than the actions themselves. (Scheffler, 1994 cited in Reiman, 2009). Decisions should be made on the results and consequences it could have on society rather than on a personal and individual basis, and to promote maximum good within society. The right action produces the greatest balance of good over evil the principle of utility. (Banks, 2001). Utilitarianism is based on a theory developed by Bentham and Mills who looked into two branches of utilitarianism; hedonistic and ideal utilitarianism. Bentham explored hedonistic utilitarianism, where good was matched with happiness. Mills explored the idea of ideal utilitarianism. This focused on good being about virtues, truth and knowledge, not just happiness. (Banks, 2001). The theory promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people. When making a decision it is imperative that the consequence is considered. Theref ore as a social worker, it would be beneficial to look at the consequences of the forthcoming action and evaluate what would be most beneficial and least harmful to the service user. In the late 1980s, the Government recognised that an improvement in access to community services was required. The Government were committed to providing more support for people with long term needs by assisting and supporting individuals to manage their conditions and providing services they require in the community rather than in long-stay hospitals.(Oliver, 1996) Morris (1993) conducted a study that looked into disabled individuals who needed day to day services. He found that disabled individuals were starting to feel a sense of hopelessness and helplessness when trying to access statutory services. Historically, social workers assessed and told service users what services they needed. Through the personalisation agenda, and the introduction of direct payments, service users told the social worker their needs. For the first time, the social worker had to accept the service users self-assessment and then use the assessment to see if the highlighted issues were eligible under Fair Access to Care (2003) legislation. Direct payments were introduced in 1997 and social workers had to translate service user needs into a monetary value to enable them to purchase their own service. The aim was to give individuals control over their care and their lives. Direct payments evolved into personalised budgets and have further evolved into a more individualised budget / service plan. The need for change and equality of service provision has been recognised as more views are being voiced by people with disabilities. In line with Beisteks theory, service users are using purposeful expression of feeling and self-determination to enable the social workers to know their wants and needs. This has resulted in changes which could reduce the potential for conflict in the future. A further challenge is budgetary control. Service users often want services that are financially unavailable to them. Although ethics state that service users should be encouraged to have self- determination, be treated as a whole and the social worker should promote and provide information regarding their care (BASW, 2012), the service users choice cannot always be guaranteed. Utilitarianism would suggest that this is because if service users always received the services they wanted, the social worker would not be promoting the greatest good for the greatest number, instead would be taking a more Kantian approach of promoting moral good. These two philosophical approaches cause conflict within themselves. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) says a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain. (s2). This leads to challenges and conflicts for social workers. If the service user had capacity, there could be conflict over the way they spend their budget which could lead to the social worker treating that individual without respect. Following the BASW code of ethics (2012), it states that social workers should respect the right to self-determination. Kant would support this view as, by the social worker supporting the individual to meet their own self-defined needs, the social worker is promoting good actions that will in turn produce good outcomes for the individual. The social worker needs to recognise that the individual has human rights and freedom to voice their views. Burton (1996) showed that there was a fail ure to recognise the unequal power relations between the social worker in control of provision of services and the service user who relies on the services. This therefore would undermine Beisteks principles of self-determination as, although the service user is voicing their opinion, the social worker is not listening and this could be seen as jeopardising the principles of personalisation and the code of ethics that are imperative. The implementation of The Mental Capacity Act needs to be reviewed to ensure workers are following legislation and ethics. It should not be assumed someone lacks capacity because they have a disability. On the other hand, if the service user didnt have capacity, it could cause conflict between the social worker and the paid carer and/or unpaid carers. If the service user lacks capacity, how would the social worker or the carers be able to assess what was best for the individual? A social worker would have to uphold and promote human dignity and well-being as well as empowering the individual. (BASW, 2012). These ethics and values are supported by Beisteks theory. Workers need to treat the service user with respect, be non -judgemental and accept the situation the service user may be in. The social worker therefore would only be able to act upon their assessment which should include the carers views on what is best for the service user. Utilitarianism, an alternative argument, would argue whats the greatest good for the greatest number? What would benefit the service user more? The social workers views or the carers views? The outcomes need to ensure that the maximum people are happy . The social worker could reach the maximum happiness and reduce conflict by using empowerment. The social worker would respect the needs and preferences of the service user, via the carers and family members as well as recognising their own prejudices to ensure the correct services are offered. The Community Care Act (1990) promotes care in the community and people staying within their own home, allowing the individual to use their personal budget and have carers to promote independence. There is evidence to suggest for example, individuals who have fractured a limb, fare better when they recuperate in their own homes. (Pignolo, Keenan and Hebela, 2011). Accommodation is a major concern for many service users (Davis and Wainwright, 1996). One aspect that could cause conflict is the practice of placing young people in young disability units, properties that are specifically designed for people with learning disabilities. Although this could be seen as a solution for people to interact and have support, there is a potential conflict as the individual cannot choose where they want to live and may live a distance from family/friends. If placed in a purpose built establishment, the individuals are classed as being housed by the local authority and therefore do not get to choose alternative locations (Oliver, 1996). The dilemma for the social worker is the need to take the individuals views into account whilst balancing their needs and wants, particularly if the service user lacks the capacity to make the decision. It is unlawful for anyone to sign a tenancy agreement on behalf of an individual who lacks capacity. A capacity assessment needs to be undertaken to ensure the service user understands how to maintain that tenancy. In order to proceed, an application needs to be made to The Court of Protection. This could lead to conflict as the social worker and housing department need to uphold the law, however many families feel they have the right to sign a tenancy for their disabled family member and find it difficult to accept that this is not the case. According to BASW (2012), the social worker needs to develop professional relationships with the service user and the family, uphold the reputation and values of the profession as well as recognising diversity and treating the individual as a whole. Utilitarianism would recommend looking at what benefits the whole family, rather than just the service user. Challenges arise when the service user lacks capacity. Using the utilitarian approach, it could be said that the service user shouldnt be given a tenancy as it doesnt promote the greatest good for the greatest number. This view is in conflict with BASW codes of ethics. It could be seen as unethical practice and lead to further conflict. Beistek would support the view of BASW in using the specific value base that service users should be allowed to freely express their feelings, both positive and negative, and the social worker should listen and make a decision in an accepting and non-judgemental way. However, Kant would say that although the consequence of not getting a choice in where the service user lives is a negative outcome, the intention of placing them in a home, with other people to socialise is a good moral judgement that is solely benefitting the individual. Another potential conflict could be older disabled individuals being forced into care. The Sutherland Report (1999) claimed that older disabled people were being forced into institutional care too early due to the lack of alternative care at home. Sixsmith and Sixsmith (2008) provided evidence that by 2008 there had been a shift in care provision and that the Personalisation Agenda meant that people were remaining in their home for longer and receiving appropriate services. However there is a further potential for conflict when accommodating people, with disabilities, to stay in their homes. Individuals may want to grow old at home but is this possible for people with significantly reduced mobility? Many homes are inaccessible to wheelchair users and those with significant mobility impairments (Burns, 2004). There is a Government scheme whereby disabled people can apply for a disabled facility grant to have their homes adapted, and certain individuals have to re-pay the Government, t herefore the Government is not financing expensive care packages. The role of the social worker would be to negotiate, support and empower the service user to have their needs met in the most appropriate, desired way. According to Kants theory, having a loan is the moral good as people will be able to remain at home for longer, promoting happiness and community care. This would be supported by the values of BASW which states social workers need to treat the service user as a whole and respect their right to self-determination. In contrast to Kants theory, Utilitarianism would consider weighing up the consequences of removing the service user from their house and into an adapted and safe environment. I.e. a care home could be seen as an easier option for disabled people to receive care. This view could cause conflict because the social worker is going against the wishes and desires of the service user. Utilitarianism looks at the best outcome for society rather than on an individual level. Therefore, by moving individuals out of the house into the care home may provide maximum happiness for society, although it disregards the individuals views and opinions. This is a criticism of the model as many service users could potentially not have their needs met in a manner that is acceptable to them due to the focus being on the benefit to society. This could be particularly true e.g. for people with English as a second language or who follow a religious faith. However, Beistek would agree with Kant in promoting self-determination. A key theme running throughout this essay is respect for the individual person as a self determining being. Both Kant and Beistek promote this and therefore appear to be the social philosophical models best tailored towards social work values and ethics. There are clear conflicts between traditional social work and the personalisation agenda for people with disabilities. These conflicts have been reduced with the introduction of HCPC ethics. If the social worker consistently uses these theories whilst working with conflict and challenging service users then the BASW ethics will be maintained and the service users will receive the best appropriate service available within Fair access to care criteria.

Interpretation of John Updikes A&P :: Literary Analysis

The first line of the story, â€Å"A&P, by John Updike, â€Å"In walks three girls in nothing but bathing suits†; (230) sets the tone for the rest of the story. The rest of the story is a description of how the main character Sammy, views not only the three girls in the bathing suits , but the rest of the women that are portrayed in the story. The main character of the story is a young guy, in the early 60s, who is working at a grocery store when these three young ladies walk in. He describes how they were scantily dressed and walking around the store, and the reactions of the others in the store, including himself, his co-workers, his manager and other customers. This story is about how a 19-year-old guy in 1961 viewed and objectified the women, young and old, entirely. The first woman Sammy has dealings with after seeing the three girls is a customer he describes as â€Å"a witch of about fifty years, with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows† (230). She has become impatient with him when he cannot remember if he rang up her box of crackers, since the three younger girls distracted him. Sammy also says, â€Å"If she were born in the right time, they would have burned her over in Salem†, substantiating his characterization of her being a witch. He believes that this woman’s purpose was to trip him up and get pleasure from it. Sammy goes on to describe the three young women. The first one he refers to as the â€Å"chunky one† (230), whom he describes as having a â€Å"sweet broad soft looking can† (230), in reference to her backside. He also adds, â€Å"With two crescents of white under it where the sun never shines† (230), indicating that he is really gawking at her backside. The second, he describes as the â€Å"tall one, with black hair that hadn’t quite frizzled right, with a chin that was too long† (230) - the kind that other girls think is very â€Å"striking† (230) and â€Å"attractive† (230). The third, he described as the â€Å"queen† (230). As she pulled out her money to pay for her purchase, Sammy talked about how he slowly un-creased the bill because it was retrieved from what he described as the â€Å"nicest two scoops of vanilla he has ever seen† (230); referencing the â€Å"queens† breasts. He also describes her bathing su it being off her shoulders, and that there was â€Å"nothing between the top of her suit and the top of her head but her†; alluding to more nakedness than is already apparent.

Hardware and Software Essay

The processor is the brain of a computer. It reads instructions from your software and tells computer what to do. The speed at which the CPU processes information internally is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz). 1 GHz is equal to 1,000 MHz. Generally, processors with higher MHz or GHz enhance your ability to run creative, entertainment, communication, and productivity applications. The processor has three main functions: 1. It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory. 2. It processes the data held in main memory. 3. It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output devices. The processor is held on a single board called a mother board. Operating System I think operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux. Monitors I think a large monitor is better because it will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphics applications have and it will have more room to see the design. It saves time when people are working on more than windows. It makes it easier to move about thing between different windows. Video Cards Video card is the piece of hardware that takes that output and tells the monitor which of the dots on the screen to light up (and in what color) to allow you to see it. I think video card is one of the components that has an impact on system performance and it can impact on performance more than any other component in the PC. These cards can shift millions of pixel for high quality view of the images. Hard Drives I think backing up data is very important. This could be done on Hard Disks. For Example a self employed designer may back up work files onto external hard disk, CD, DVD, or Removable disk drive but as organisation are larger, therefore they might back up using automated backup software. Because organisations have to transfer the data onto external drives for their clients, it could be transferred to CD format, DVD and Zip Disks. Optical Example of Optical drive is a DVD drive, this drive offers playback of CD-ROM discs allowing users to view high definition programs directly on a properly configured computer. These Drives could be built in or externally attached via a USB 2. 0. These can be used by designers to transfer data on a CD/DVD to show their clients. Sound Cards I think 3D Sound Cards are very good for PCs. It enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace for personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board. Scanner Scanners can copy the image of a document, such as a photograph, or a newspaper article and create a digital version of that document so that it can be read by a computer. There are different two types of scanners which printers use today: Flatbed Sheet fed Flatbed: These scanners can scan flat originals of different sizes. They can even scan small 3D objects (For Example, hand). Sheet Fed: These scanners work a bit differently than flatbed scanners: instead of having a moving scanning head, the sheet fed scanner moved the paper past a stationary scanning head. Printer Printing quality is very important for designers/companies. Printing is a process for production of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. These are mostly used for the printing of flyers, sales material and to the designing of photographs. Printer can be connected through a USB cable or sometimes there is no cable required, they can just be connected via local network. There are two main types of printers: Ink jet Laser Inkjet Printers: Ink Jet printers use dots of colored ink onto paper to create an output image. They are not very expensive to buy and it will almost print in colour. However, they can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. Laser Printers: These printers are used to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white outputs. Types of Software Macromedia Studio 8 Macromedia Studio 8 is a complete toolkit for Web designers and animators, and it introduces new features. Many digital content makers can find their way around Macromedia software, but the upgrade to Studio 8 makes common tasks easier to execute for those without coding expertise. This package includes the following software: 1. Flash 8: An animation tool. 2. Dream weaver 8: A Web design application. 3. Fireworks 8: A graphics editor. 4. FlashPaper 2: PDF maker. 5. Contribute 3: The Web site manager. It introduces alpha channel video creation and provides new effects that animators can manipulate in real time to shrink the file sizes and hasten the playback time of Flash animation on end-user desktops. Flash, Fireworks, and Dream weaver now optimize multimedia content for cell phones, Pads, and other mobile. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. X2 is an easy-to-use, powerful image editor at an affordable price. Retailing for just $99 or less, X2 is certainly a viable option for consumers who are also considering products from Adobe. What sets X2 apart from the competition is a wide array of old and new features (some of which are unique to Corel). Photoshop 8. 0 CS Win Adobe Photoshop CS means superior results faster, with new features and enhancements that helps creating and managing images easily and efficiently. The essential new and improved features help graphic and Web designers, photographers and video professionals create the highest quality images, with the control, flexibility, and capability that is expected from the professional standard in desktop digital imaging. Microsoft Office Microsoft Office 2007 packs more improvements into the world’s leading application. Package Includes: Microsoft Word – Create and edit text and graphics in letters, reports, web pages or e-mail messages. Microsoft Excel – Perform calculations, analyse information and manage lists in spreadsheets or web pages. Microsoft PowerPoint – Create and edit presentations for slide shows, meetings and web pages.   Microsoft Outlook – Send and receive e-mail, manage schedules, contacts and tasks, and record activities. Microsoft Publisher – Create and edit newsletters, brochures, flyers, and web sites.   Microsoft Access – Create databases and programs to track and manage information. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Publisher, Access, Project, InfoPath, Visio, and OneNote all work basically as they did before, only it’s more easily. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook are the only programs to get the full interface upgrade. Outlook gets the new interface upgrade only in its content-creation screens. Xara Xtreme Xara Xtreme is a top class graphics tool, It does not matter what the level of graphics experience. With its amazing speed, small size, reasonable system requirements, moderate price, and powerful feature set, it’s hard to go wrong with Xara Xtreme. Although it’s currently only for Windows, Xara has announced plans to make Xtreme open source and to develop Macintosh and Linux versions. 1. Xara Xtreme is a fast yet powerful vector-based drawing and illustration program for Windows. 2. Includes a Picture Editor where you can crop, rotate, enhance and sharpen bitmap-based photos. 3. Suitable for Web graphics, illustration, technical drawing, animation, cartooning, and compositions. Task One (M1) I have outlined the following two hardware and stated the limitations of each hardware in terms of capture, manipulation and storage of graphics. 1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors 2. Inkjet Printer LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors are based on a newer technology and are becoming very popular, mainly because they have great space and energy saving advantages over CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors. CRT and LCD monitors are based on completely different technologies, and thus have quite different display. One of the biggest advantages of LCD monitors is that they are compact and lightweight. Limitations: 1. Most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colors but LCD monitors are only capable of hundreds or thousands of colors. 2. CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions but an important issue with LCD monitors is resolution.   A CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side, but an LCD monitor typically has a smaller viewing angle, needing to be viewed more directly from the front. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. Inkjet Printer: Inkjet printers have made rapid technological advances in recent years. The three-colour printer has been around for several years now and has succeeded in making colour printing an affordable option; but as the superior four-colour model became cheaper to produce, the replaceable cartridge model was gradually phased out. With each new product on the market showing improvements in performance, usability, and output quality. Limitations: 1. Slower than a laser printer. 2. An Inkjet printer is a way to have color printing available. The color is sprayed onto the paper. 3. They can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. 4. Cartridges need to be changed more frequently and the special coated paper required to produce high-quality output is very expensive. 5. Inkjets work out to be more expensive than laser printers. Task One (M1) Software Packages 1. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 2. Adobe PhotoShop 8. 0 CS Win I have chosen two of the software, which I think are good for creating, capturing and manipulation graphic images. I have chose these because the company has the Microsoft Vista as their operating system and both of these work the best on and have been especially designed for Microsoft Windows Vista. Both of these can be used by professionals. I have explained the software and features it has for each. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. The new â€Å"X2† gives enthusiast digital photographers an entirely new set of tools to unlock their creative potential. It is packed with applications for downloading, viewing, sorting, and editing/processing images, is X2. The new graphite-coloured workspace is to enable users to concentrate on the image instead of the interface, but the graphite is mostly for the benefit of Vista users, and it can be operated to use the brighter XP-style colour scheme. The new features are very welcome, such as the automatic saving of every picture you work on into a sub-folder of its original folder, in effect creating a digital negative you can always revert to if things go pear-shaped during editing. There is tool which can make people look thinner than they really are. What it actually does is make a sort of digital pleat in the picture so that anybody under the cursor looks a little bit thinner, but the rest of the picture, including anybody unfortunate enough to be nearby, gets stretched to fill in the missing pixels and ends up looking slightly fatter. The Makeover tools, which are designed to hide blemishes, remove red-eye, whiten teeth and add fake tans, have been expanded with an eye whitener, just in case subjects have had a rough night before the shoot and are sporting bloodshot eyes that might give the game away. Features they give to the User: 1. Express Lab 2. HDR Photo Merge 3. Layers Style 4. Visible Watermarks 5. Auto-Preserve Originals 6. Photo Aging Tools 7. Compatibility with Photo Shop Plug-ins Features Explained 1. Express Lab: This helps users quickly view and fix multiple photos in the same amount of time it used to take to edit just one. Common tools such as crop, rotate, red-eye removal, makeover/blemish removal, brightness, saturation, and other quick fix tools. 2. HDR Photo Merge: High Dynamic Range (HDR) Photo Merge tool can combine two or more bracketed exposures in order to produce one perfect exposure. 3. Layer Styles: It can easily apply effects such as embossing, drop shadows, or even reflections that will automatically update whenever the underlying layer is edited. 4. Visible Watermarks: This feature allows to â€Å"stamp† images with a watermark. This is perfect for protecting copyright when uploading images online. 5. Auto-Preserve Originals: It will never lose favorite photos by mistake again thanks to a feature that automatically preserves the original photos when saved an edited version , giving a way to get the original image back in case making a mistake during the editing process. 6. Photo Aging Tools: It is a unique and easy-to-use feature with the ability to apply aging filters to images and make them look like film images from decades long ago. 7. Compatibility with PhotoShop Plug-ins: An excellent feature in Corel’s Paint Shop Pro Photo series is compatibility with â€Å"most† PhotoShop plug-ins and filters. Corel PhotoShop 8. 0 CS win Review This is the new version of PhotoShop and it’s the photo graphics editor standard against the other graphic software. It is used by more graphics professionals than just about any other photo-editing and paint program. The new version has the CS (Creative Suite) extension, which includes few new features for most types of user. Everybody should benefit from the improved file browser, which offers many of the features of photo album-style products. As well as viewing thumbnails, you can preview in different sizes before loading. There’s now a simple way to match colours between photo-objects, while leaving their underlying textures unchanged. This kind of colour replacement first appeared as a red-eye tool in PhotoShop Elements. Graphic designers will like this version of PhotoShop CS for its introduction of text on a path, with which you can create and edit text running at angles and along curves. You can also work on images up to 300,000 pixels square; large enough for billboard design, and develop multiple versions of graphics using layers to hold the version differences. Adobe includes Image Ready CS with PhotoShop CS. This Web image designer and editor offers improved multiple selection controls, direct export to Macromedia Flash and more compact HTML code when finished designing. These are the Features of this Software: 1. Professional toolset 2. Colour Correction 3. Enhanced layer control 4. Improved File Browser 5. Advanced Web capabilities 6. Healing Brush 7. Special effect filters 8. Advanced type control 9. Customized workspace 10. Unparalleled efficiency These are the top ten features of why should they get this product: 1. Professional toolset. This tool can help in creating original images or modifying photos using a full assortment of painting, drawing tools. 2. Colour correction. It can Improve the color, contrast of any image with a comprehensive set of professional color-correction tools. 3. Enhanced layer control. It can combine images, text, and effects on hundreds of layers that can be organise with up to five levels of nesting and save in different combinations as Layer. 4. Improved File Browser. It can quickly preview, tag, and sort images; search and edit keywords; and automatically share batches of files from the improved File Browser. Advanced Web capabilities. It can create sophisticated Web page elements, such as roll-overs and animations, using Image Ready. Healing Brush. It removes dust, scratches, blemishes, wrinkles, and other flaws with the Healing Brush. Special effect filters. It is easy to experiment and achieve amazing results by accessing more than 95 special effects filters, Preview and apply more than one filter at a time with the new Filter Gallery.   Advanced type control. People can add vector-based text that can be edited at any time, format, warp, convert to outlines, and use for masks or other special effects. Customized workspace. People can work the way that’s best for you by saving personalised workspace and tool settings, and creating customised keyboard shortcuts. Unparalleled efficiency. Users can automate production tasks with built-in or customised scripts and the actions palette which lets users record editing steps to quickly process batches of files. Graphic and Web designers can take advantage of the features that include improved file management, new design possibilities, a way to create for the Web, and support for 16-bit images, digital camera and non-square pixels. This Software can create the highest quality images more efficiently. Task Two (P2) 1. Monitor 2. Printer Monitors: The Company bought 17†³ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors. These are flat screen monitors. I believe that the LCD monitors take less desk space but I would suggest that the company change monitors from LCD to CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) because i think CRT monitors are still considered to have a better colour range and are easier to calibrate colour accuracy. These monitors are still very popular in graphic arts where high quality reproduction is important. Benefits: 1. The designs would be seen in better and true colours because most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colours. 2. It will have better resolution because CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions, each with the same quality. 3. There is no concern about the brightness of the monitor. 4. I think it will give a better preview from different angles because a CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side. 5. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. I would suggest them to buy CRT monitors OR buy bigger LCD flat monitor because I think a larger monitor will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphic applications have and they will have more room to see the network. They can change from 17†³ to 21†³ a monitor which is an ideal for designers. Benefits: 1. Makes Clicking Easier – it’s easier to click on larger targets. 2. Enhances Readability – It’s easier to read larger fonts. 3. Better proof that it can work and look good – Design is working and looking good. 4. Some of the monitors produce excellent colour quality and they can be moved around for a better landscape and portrait mode. Printers: They already bought a Colour Laser Printer but which is Black and White. These printers are generally quite fast, but they are more expensive. These printers use technology similar to that of a photocopier to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white. I would suggest the company to buy a printer which is colour because when looking at a design colour is the most attractive. Benefits: 1. Colour Laser printers replaces toner than cartridges, they are more expensive but it lasts more than a cartridge. 2. Output from the printer would be colourful. A hardcopy of the image can be seen in colour. Task Three (D2) An output for graphics is very important. There are different types of Outputs that can be used for graphics. 1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Scanner. 4. Digital Cameras 5. Mobile Phones Monitor: A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seen. The monitor is the most common output device. Printer: You can print your output on hardcopy devices such as laser printers and plotters. Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and graphics. Scanner: Scanners will take an image of a drawing or photo and converts them into digital images. Digital Cameras: A digital camera is a device that’s used for taking photographs, like a conventional camera. The image is stored in the camera in digital form. In order to see the pictures, the user connects the camera to the computer and views the images on screen. The pictures can be saved on disk and can also be edited, using a graphics package. Mobile Phones: A mobile phone can be used to take photographs like a digital camera. The image is stored in the phone memory. The user can see the picture by connecting the phone to a computer to view or manipulate. The pictures can be moved from the phone memory to the computer hard disk. Resolution is very important for any type of output device. Resolution Refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image. The term is most often used to describe how well an image matches with the original. The correct resolution for an image is determined by the output device (World Wide Web, Inkjet printer, laser printer, etc). 1. Printer Resolution – Measured by the number of ink dots per inch or (DPI). DPI is dots of ink, toner that is placed on a paper. 2. Scanner Resolution – The correct resolution for a scan is determined by the targeted output device or display. For Example, a scanned image will only be viewed on a computer monitor. 3. Digital Camera Resolution – When deciding on resolution needs, thinking about intended output is important. If digital camera is there only to create images for the web then a one Mega Pixel camera is sufficient. Size Size refers to the physical dimensions of an image. Image can be created by using inches and centimetres and by resolution using pixels. If the picture is for the screens (On a Monitor) then using pixels is a good idea but for printing using inches and centimetres is good. Colour The colour depth of the image is not same as the actual number of colours it contains. The colour depth tells the maximum number of colours the image is capable of containing. Images with the colour depth of 15 million colours look the best because they contain the most colours. However not all devices can display 16 million colours. For Example, GIF images, a popular format for the web (Monitor), can only contain 256 colours. It is very important that we keep in mind what the picture is for and where is it going to be viewed to audience. To improve performance of graphics output, most graphics devices provide some form of buffering. By default, Scheme’s graphics procedures flush this buffer after every drawing operation. The procedures in this section allow the user to control the flushing of the output buffer. When exporting an image for screen outputs, it’s very important what format of the picture is exported. These are few formats that are mostly used for screen and printing outputs. 1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 2. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) 3. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) 4. BMP (Bitmap) 5. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) JPEG is designed for compressing either full-colour or Gray-scale digital images of â€Å"natural†, real-world scenes. It does not work very well on non-realistic images and does not handle black-and-white. It is one of the most popular image formats used on the Internet. It can reduce a file’s size by as much as 96%. It is used when 24-bit colour are used and mostly when it is for Internet distribution. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) It is one of the two most common file formats for graphic images on the World Wide Web. It supports up to 8-bit colour images, and it is optimised for high contrast images and blocks of colours. It uses loss-less compression, GIF supports single colour transparency and animation and it does not support layers or alpha channels. It is used when a single colour transparency needed, when a single file animation is produced for use on the Internet and when the picture have fewer than or acceptable with 256 colours. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) It is a file format designed for the web graphics and is used to transmit and store bit-mapped images. It was created specifically for the Internet and other networks. It supports 24-bit colour with loss-less compression, one alpha channel, alpha transparency, and slightly better compression than GIF. The current generation of net scape Navigator and Internet Explorer may not completely support PNG and previous browsers do not support it at all. It also does not support layers. It is mostly used for high colour alpha transparency and for loss-less compression of high colour images. BMP (Bitmap) This was invented by Microsoft. Many graphics programs running under Windows, which support monochrome up to 24-bit colour formats, use the BMP format. The BMP format does not support image file compression. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A TIFF is one of most widely supported file format for storing images on a computer. It can handle a range from one bit to 24 bits of photographic image, but as an older format, images saved as TIFF files tend to be larger than JPEG or . PSD formats. Tagged-Image File Format is a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications. Also, virtually all desktop scanners can produce TIFF images. Affects of Output devices:   Colour is most important thing which affects everyone’s eye on any of the output. Monitors: Monitor size will affect the design output because there are designs which look differently when we view by using wide screen monitor rather than normal standard screen.   TRC monitor can harm the eye sight, because of the UV radiation, however LCD monitors aren’t dangerous for the eye sight but if you have a TRC kind monitor you could put a filter to protect the eyesight. Printing: 4. When printing a hardcopy from a printer, the most important thing is that what paper is going to be useful and what printer is required to print out the original design.

Free Essays on Cane - Dusk Synthesis

Dusk and the Great Synthesis Throughout much of the novel Cane, Toomer hints to the reader the idea of dusk and other fleeting imagery. As it stated in Karintha â€Å"perfect as dusk as the sun goes down† (Toomer 5) or as described in the Song of the Son, â€Å"In time, for though the sun is setting on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toomer 21) and lastly in Georgia Dusk, â€Å"The setting sun, to indolent to hold†¦Passively darkens.† (Toomer 22) What exactly is meant by these types of imagery? They can be explained in several different manners. Perhaps dusk pertains to the idea of changing, for example, from light to dark. On the other hand it may be an attempt to depict vagueness or a lack of clarity during a specific time. Beyond that, it might even be both. To understand what Toomer is trying to entrust to his reader we must delve deeper into his novel. As stated in the Song of the Son, â€Å"in time†¦ just before an epoch’s sun declines†¦ to catch thy soul leaving, gone.† (Toomer 21) there was a great time when the sun has shone, but now its time for it to go and leave. At this specific moment, although it is too late to retrieve the sun, the sun has not disappeared completely. As the book progresses, we see the black population shift northwards from the southern area known as the black belt. This shift northwards represents two separate but similar ideas. This symbolizes both the loss of a unified, tightly knit sense of community, which is left behind down in Georgia as well as a loss of spirituality and tradition. As Toomer explains in Seventh Street, there is a great migration from the rural south into the urban north. This occurs slowly as the novel continuously advances. Slowly but surely, the black folk culture is being assimilated as the shift northward takes place. A key motive for this loss of culture or rather spirituality could be blamed, namely on their venture for wealth and materialistic pleasures. It is only natural for a human being ... Free Essays on Cane - Dusk Synthesis Free Essays on Cane - Dusk Synthesis Dusk and the Great Synthesis Throughout much of the novel Cane, Toomer hints to the reader the idea of dusk and other fleeting imagery. As it stated in Karintha â€Å"perfect as dusk as the sun goes down† (Toomer 5) or as described in the Song of the Son, â€Å"In time, for though the sun is setting on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toomer 21) and lastly in Georgia Dusk, â€Å"The setting sun, to indolent to hold†¦Passively darkens.† (Toomer 22) What exactly is meant by these types of imagery? They can be explained in several different manners. Perhaps dusk pertains to the idea of changing, for example, from light to dark. On the other hand it may be an attempt to depict vagueness or a lack of clarity during a specific time. Beyond that, it might even be both. To understand what Toomer is trying to entrust to his reader we must delve deeper into his novel. As stated in the Song of the Son, â€Å"in time†¦ just before an epoch’s sun declines†¦ to catch thy soul leaving, gone.† (Toomer 21) there was a great time when the sun has shone, but now its time for it to go and leave. At this specific moment, although it is too late to retrieve the sun, the sun has not disappeared completely. As the book progresses, we see the black population shift northwards from the southern area known as the black belt. This shift northwards represents two separate but similar ideas. This symbolizes both the loss of a unified, tightly knit sense of community, which is left behind down in Georgia as well as a loss of spirituality and tradition. As Toomer explains in Seventh Street, there is a great migration from the rural south into the urban north. This occurs slowly as the novel continuously advances. Slowly but surely, the black folk culture is being assimilated as the shift northward takes place. A key motive for this loss of culture or rather spirituality could be blamed, namely on their venture for wealth and materialistic pleasures. It is only natural for a human being ...

What is the Function of Self-P essays

What is the Function of Self-P essays What is the Function of Self-Portrait? How is it Different from Portraits? Study the Topic in Relation to Works by Both Rembrandt and Vincent Van Gogh (and Other Artists)? A portrait, according to Websters Dictionary of the English Language, is a painting, photograph, drawing etc. of a person, esp. of his face, usually made from life. Going by the dictionary definition of a portrait, a self portrait can simply be defined as a painting of the artists own face, but are they simply images of a humans face be it the artists own or anothers, or do they hold other more significant functions? What purposes do portraits and self portraits serve, and are there any differences between them? To answer these questions, we shall examine the artworks of Vincent Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Frida Kahlo and some other artists. Van Gogh's self portraits reveal a range of ideas and states of feelings, such as the "Self-portrait", done in 1889, which showed a pale, craggy face and brings about feelings of anxiety and loneliness, while another Self Portrait, also done in 1889, had a firm and focused face which generates a feeling of uneasiness and tension . It is also interesting to note that Van Gogh did not paint any self portraits when he was staying in Nuenen as he had just had a major dental treatment, and at that point of time, he saw himself as a person too unpresentable to be placed in a self portrait . It was only later in Paris where he felt more like a man about town, giving him the confidence necessary to paint his self portraits, most of which were created when he felt a need for self analysis . In Van Goghs two infamous self portraits depicting his mutilated ear, which he drew after a quarrel with Gauguin, it can be seen that the second version was not a copy of the first, but instead was Va n Goghs second interpretation of his fluctuating mental condition . The two self p...

Macroeconomics Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomics Theory - Term Paper Example Foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another currency. BOP has direct relation with the foreign exchange market as the spending of the consumer depends on the value of currency in other countries. Under the free-floating currency regime (McGregor) the balance of payment depends highly on the forces of supply and demand. In this free-floating regime, the price of the currency automatically adjusts according to the requirement which equals the supply and demand of the currency. This shows that in this market conditions, price automatically is in equilibrium in the balance of payment. There is no intervention by the government due to which the outcomes are automatically achieved by counteracting between both the current account and the capital account. This market is also termed as â€Å"self-correcting market† which fluctuates continuously based on the changing market conditions. Under the fixed-rate currency regime (Bized), intervention by the governme nt is mostly seen to regulate the exchange rate. The price in this exchange rate is not automatically adjustable as compared to the floating exchange rate. The government has to intervene to adjust the value of foreign currency to the country’s currency. ... It is an essential tool to analyze the macro-economic policy. The relation between the unemployment and income is that falling unemployment might give rise to inflation and on the other hand rising unemployment would lead to fall in the inflation. To reduce the unemployment rate, average demand must be increased which would increase the employment for short-period (Baumol and Blinder). Supposing that the economy is stable at Y. Increase in the government spending will shift the AD curve from AD to AD1 which would lead to the increase in income and reduction in the unemployment in the short term. The outward shift of the AD curve to AD1 takes the equilibrium to Y1 which creates a positive gap which is thought as the cause of rise in inflation. Due to such shift the price changes from P to P1 but due to the inward shift of the AS curve the price again shifts from P1 to P2 which shows increase of the P but the shift brought back the equilibrium at Y at P2. The major reason for the rejec tion of Keynesian theory was the weakness regarding the stagflation in 1970’s. Keynesian theory was focused on increasing the government spending when the unemployment was high and when the inflation becomes a problem the government should reduce its spending. This shows that Keynesian theory was addressed to stabilize the economy through government creating cash flows (Dornbusch, Fischer, and Startz). After the rejection of Keynesian theory regarding stagflation, New classical became the new standard. The reason behind the selection of New Classical theory as a standard was the price system which efficiently adjusted the supply and demand in all market. This theory was focused on simple basis that the equilibrium point is achieved when the quantity supplied

Peer Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peer Review - Essay Example With this, the consequence is viewed not as a private issue but as a global issue that ought to be taken up by all well meaning advocates of human rights. The writer suggests an action-driven solution in the sense that the writer wants to see the transportation of segregated students to White schools, where they can learn about the culture of other people and how to socialize easily with these people. The argument in favor of the solution is however weak as the writer does not give any legislative backing to the solution. The writer uses variety of research sources including court cases on the issue of segregation. There has also been sufficient analysis of the evidence. However, the analysis of sources would have been more proactive if primary sources were also used. The writer links the thesis or main argument directly to the consequences of poor education in the country; stating that the nation would have to build more schools if attention is not given to proper education. Given the prompt, the writer makes direct reference to it and tags segregation as a poor educational policy that is recipe for a degenerated society. Having tagged segregation as a bad educational policy, the writer goes ahead to clearly elaborate the consequences of segregation, stating that it could be a reason for moral breakdown in society. The reason for this argument was fused in the believe that when people are segregated one from another, they do not come to accept the personality of other people and as such have no inner regrets when they are offending them. The writer suggests a solution that is based on personal appeal to affected people. For this reason, the writer holds the believe that programs like Magnet Program can be used to attract and appeal to students in segregated schools to get attracted to their colleagues in other integrated schools. The writer argues in favor of the solution by drawing on

I have a dream arthin luther king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I have a dream arthin luther king - Essay Example Martin Luther King delivered in his speech that African Americans should focus on oneness of people and do what they could in order to bring sanity within their lives as well as others. Martin Luther King’s speech remains relevant even to this day, even fifty years after he delivered it. It is because his speech outlined the fundamental need that the African Americans faced and still are going through in this day and age. His speech remains relevant because the present day America has more racism prevalent within it than ever before and there is a greater need to understand the American Dream that he spoke about (Author Unknown 1963). Martin Luther King was right when he suggested that African Americans must plan for their own selves what kind of lives they want, and then go about having it with ease and inner satisfaction. His speech therefore serves as the catalyst of a better change for the people of

In Tim OBrien Essay Example for Free

In Tim OBrien Essay In Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† the author tries to humanize war by letting the reader know how absolutely difficult telling a war story is. He does this by giving many unsolicited pieces of advice about how to tell a true war story, but many of them directly contradict each other or do not make sense when compared side-by-side. In giving these pieces of advice, he is also telling war stories that either do or do not fit his own criteria. And yet, he humanizes the people involved in fighting this war by giving the reader these lessons. One great example of this is when he tells the story of Rat Kiley and Lemmons. O’Brien begins by telling the reader that â€Å"a true war story is never moral†(O’Brien). He continues with, â€Å"If at the end of a war story you feel uplifted, then you have been made the victim of a very old and terrible lie† (O’Brien). Then he tells us first the story of Rat Kiley writing this letter to the sister of his best friend who died. Kiley pours his heart out to this woman and she never writers back, and he has a derogatory comment about the sister. This certainly is not uplifting, but Rat Kiley has been humanized. The reader can somewhat imagine writing this letter and understands what it would take to write a letter like this, and then to have it unacknowledged. While O’Brien tells us almost nothing directly of the character of Rat Kiley, the reader learns mounds of information about his character nonetheless. O’Brien continues on to tell us about the death of Lemmons, and then he explains that even his own telling of the story is subjective. What he thinks he saw versus what might have actually happened are two different things. We didn’t know Lemmons, but again, we feel like we know something of his character from hearing this story. O’Brien is able to provide such beautiful or not so beautiful characterizations of these men without really telling the reader anything. But these men are humanized for us. They are not statistics in a war; they are real men. Another lesson O’Brien teaches is that â€Å"In a true war story, if there’s a moral at all, it’s like the thread that makes the cloth. You can’t tease it out. You can’t extract the meaning without unraveling the deeper meaning. † He tells us that true war stories do not generalize but they make us feel it in our stomachs. We can’t generalize to something simple like â€Å"War is hell. † He then tells us another story of Rat Kiley when he slowly slaughters the water buffalo. The reader is horrified, but also at some level understands why Rat Kiley did this. The water buffalo becomes a symbol of the breakdown during war itself. The incredible need for violence and retribution is strong. It is a horribly sad story of the slaughter of an animal. But based on what we already know about just what Rat Kiley has been through, we understand him on some gut level. War is hell, but it is also mystery and beauty. â€Å"Though it’s odd, you’re never more alive than when you’re almost dead. † The reader can understand this and understand the characters better because of it. These men are not monsters; they are just men. They are fighting a terrible war and are forced to do terrible things, but they are human. â€Å"At the hour of dusk you sit at your foxhole and look out on a wide river turning pinkish red, and at the mountains beyond, and although in the morning you must cross the river and go into the mountains and do terrible things and maybe, die, even so, you find yourself studying the fine colors on the river, you feel wonder and awe at the setting of the sun, and you are filled with a hard, aching love for how the world could be and always should be, but now is not† (O’Brien). This passage describes all men in war, and even though Rat Kiley has done terrible things, we understand a little bit about what he must be thinking. We understand how these men value their lives even more because of war. In O’Brien’s unique way, these men are truly humanized. By providing the reader with various instructions throughout the story about what a true war story isn’t and what a true war story is, these men are deeply humanized. The reader understands from Tim O’Brien that war is never as simple as it seems, and neither are the men who fight the war. He tells us horrible stories about these men, and yet, these stories help us to understand the men better. With the commentary O’Brien provides about how to write a true war story, the reader understands so many things. We understand that these â€Å"true† war stories may not even actually be true in the most common sense of the word. We understand that, no matter what, they are never simple. The lessons are never clear. They are not pretty, and if they are, they are not true. In other words, the characters of war are as complex as the reasons we fight wars. While it would be nice to have a tidy moral, there are none. At the bottom of it all are human lives. These men are not heroes and they are not monsters.